Comparison of early complications of midline catheter and peripherally inserted central catheter in intravenous infusion: a Meta-analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To analyze and compare the incidence of catheter related complications between midline catheter (MC) and peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC) within 30 days. Provide guidance and basis for medical staff to choose appropriate intravenous infusion tools to prevent catheter related complications.Methods:The randomized controlled trials, clinical controlled trials and cohort studies about MC and PICC related complications were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCO, Ovid, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang database and CBM, which were published at home and abroad up to December 31, 2021. After screening the literatures, extracting data and quality evaluation according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, RevMan5.4 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of ten articles were included in this study, including two randomized controlled trials, a clinical controlled trials, a prospective cohort study and six retrospective cohort studies, with 12 765 cases in MC group and 33 783 cases in PICC group. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the incidences of catheter-related bloodstream infection and catheter displacement in MC group were significantly lower than those in PICC group ( RR=0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.76, P<0.05; RR=0.49, 95% CI 0.25-0.97, P<0.05). Conclusions:Compared with PICC in the early stage of intravenous infusion, MC is safer and more effective. When continuous infusion of isotonic or near-isotonic medications is required, and there is no need for continuous vesicant medications, MC can be preferred. However, more large-sample and high-quality studies are still needed to provide a basis for the popularization of MC in China.

Expert consensus on perioperative nursing standards for pediatric kidney transplantation / 器官移植

Pediatric kidney transplant recipients differ from adult counterparts in primary disease, physiology, psychology, organ function and immune status and their perioperative treatment and nursing management are different from those of adult kidney transplantation. To standardize holistic perioperative nursing regimens for pediatric kidney transplantation, Surgery Nursing Committee of Shanghai Nursing Association organized national medical and nursing experts in the fields of transplantation to jointly draft "expert consensus on perioperative nursing standards for pediatric kidney transplantation " (abbreviated as "consensus"). After three rounds of online expert inquiry, all revised opinions were jointly discussed combined with literature evidence, and the expert consensus was finally reached. The highlights of perioperative treatment and nursing care for pediatric kidney transplantation were summarized and stated, including preoperative evaluation, preoperative and postoperative nursing care, which were of scientific and practical value.

Efficacy and safety of Low Dose Heparin infusion in intravenous fluids to prevent Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) line occlusion among neonates: A randomized control trial

Objectives@#To determine the efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing central catheter occlusion and its safety among neonates.@*Materials and Methods@#A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 42 neonates requiring peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines. The neonates were divided into two groups: low dose heparin (0.5 units/kg/hr =0.2 units/ml) and control group (0.5 units/ml). The efficacy outcomes were duration of catheter patency, completion of catheter use, and the presence of catheter occlusion or thrombosis. The safety outcomes include heparin complications.@*Results@#The study participants had a mean age of 17 days old at 35 weeks gestational age and mean weight of 1.97 kg. The participants given low dose heparin were 36% more likely to complete the use of central line and 12% less likely to develop catheter occlusion. Analyses showed non-statistically significant risk ratio of active bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and deranged prothrombin time in the low dose heparin group.@*Conclusion@#The use of low dose heparin (0.5 units/kg/hr = 0.2 units/ml) appears as effective as the control dose in completion of catheter use and prevention of catheter occlusion. There was also no significant difference in the adverse effects. Low dose heparin can be used as continuous infusion for preventing central line occlusion; however, it has no advantage in lowering the risk of complications.

Safety comparison of high-dose methotrexate via different intravenous infusion devices in pediatric patients with malignant brain tumors / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To compare the safety of high-dose methotrexate （HD-MTX） via peripherally inserted central catheter （PICC） and totally implantable venous access port （TIVAP） in pediatric patients with malignant brain tumors. METHODS Patients with malignant brain tumors who received HD-MTX via PICCs or TIVAPs in our hospital from July 2018 to April 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data were collected to compare differences in blood concentration of methotrexate （MTX），the incidence of adverse events （including adverse drug reactions and catheter-related complications） and length of stay in hospital. Multivariate linear regression was applied to analyze the factors that influenced the blood concentration of MTX. RESULTS A total of 107 patients were included in the study，with 65 patients in the PICC group and 42 patients in the TIVAP group. Blood concentration of MTX at 24 h （C24 h） in TIVAP group was significantly higher than PICC group （[ 126.87±61.99） μmol/L vs. （102.45±48.77） μmol/L，P＜0.05）. There was no significant difference in blood concentration of MTX at 42 h （C42 h），compared with PICC group （P＞0.05）. Results of multivariate linear regression analysis showed that TIVAP was associated with the increase of C24 h（P＜0.05）. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of adverse events and the length of stay in the hospital between 2 groups （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Risk of adverse events is not increased，although the MTX C24 h level is elevated after administration of TIVAP. TIVAP is a safe choice for HD-MTX therapy with implementing therapeutic drug monitoring.

Risk factors to port-a-cat damage/removal in patients in antineoplastic chemotherapy: a retrospective observational study / Fatores de risco para danos ou retirada de port-a-cath em pacientes em quimioterapia antineoplásica: Um estudo observacional retrospective

Objective: To identify the prevalence and risk factors for damage or removal of fully implanted long-term catheters from patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study that evaluated medical records of patients undergoing placement of a fully implanted catheter for antineoplastic chemotherapy from January 2015 to December 2019. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected that were associated with catheter survival using Log-Rank Mantel-Cox and Cox Regression tests (SPSS, p<0.05). Results: Of 58 devices evaluated, most patients were higher educated married females, younger than 60 years old. The most frequent side of catheter implantation was the right side, and the most prevalent implantation site was the internal jugular vein. Less than 1/3 of patients (29.3%) had port-a-cath loss due to complications with a five-year follow-up survival of 35.73±3.76 (95% CI = 28.35-43.11). Two patients (4.7%) needed removal due to device exposure, three (7.0%) due to obstruction, and 12 (27.9%) due to infection. Female patients (p=0.019) and patients with breast tumors (p=0.049) had a shorter mean survival time. The women showed port-a-cath survival 9.25 times (95% CI = 1.35-50.25) shorter in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: port-a-cath catheter loss is around 30% and being female is a determining risk factor.

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para danos ou retirada de cateter de longa permanência totalmente implantado em pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia antineoplásica. Metodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal que avaliou prontuários de pacientes submetidos à colocação de cateter totalmente implantado para quimioterapia antineoplásica, no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2019. Foram coletados dados clínicos e sociodemográficos associados à sobrevida do cateter por meio do Log-Rank testes de Mantel-Cox e Regressão de Cox (SPSS, p<0,005). Resultados: Dos 58 dispositivos avaliados, a maioria dos pacientes era mulheres casadas com nivel superior de escolaridade e com idade inferior a 60 anos. O lado mais frequente de implantação do cateter foi o direito, e o local de implantação mais prevalente foi a veia jugular interna. Pouco menos de 1/3 dos pacientes (29,3%) tiveram perda de port-a-cath devido complicações com uma sobrevida de seguimento de cinco anos de 35,73±3.76 (IC 95% = 28.35-43.11). Dois pacientes (4,7%) necessitaram de remoção por exposição do dispositivo, três (7,0%) por obstrução e 12 (27,9%) por infecção. Pacientes do sexo feminino (p=0,0019) e pacientes com tumores de mama (p=0,049) apresentam menor tempo médio de sobrevida. As mulheres apresentaram sobrevida port-a-cath 9,25 vezes (IC 95%=1,35-50,25) menor na análise multivariada. Conclusão: A perda do cateter port-a-cath foi de aproximadamente 30% e ser do sexo feminino foi um fator de risco importante.

Research progress on peripherally inserted central catheter-related upper extremity venous thrombosis / 中华临床营养杂志

Peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC)-related upper extremity venous thrombosis (UEVT) is defined as upper extremity venous thrombosis within the veins where PICCs were placed or adjacent to and may result in pulmonary embolism. Malignancies, previous history of venous thrombosis and malposition are common risk factors for PICC-UEVT. Once patients demonstrate clinical manifestations of phlebitis and thrombosis, such as swelling, pain and tenderness at the PICC site, venous duplex ultrasonography is the first choice for diagnosing PICC-UEVT. According to American College of Chest Physicians guidelines, it's not recommended to remove PICCs upon detection of PICC-UEVT. The first-line treatment is to administer systemic anticoagulants while keeping the catheter in place, unless any contraindications. PICCs could continue to be used during anticoagulation therapy, suppose that catheter tip remains well placed and functions as normal. With early diagnosis and standard anticoagulant treatment, a better clinical outcome could be achieved. Prophylactic anticoagulation is not routinely recommended per guidelines. Recommendation for asymptomatic PICC-related thrombosis is still absent and warrants further prospective studies with large sample size.

Análise do efeito da padronização das medidas de prevenção de infeção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter central de inserção periférica em recém-nascidos na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / Analysis of the effect of standardization of bloodstream infection prevention measures related to peripherally inserted central catheters in newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit

Introdução: O uso do cateter central de inserção periférica na Neonatologia tem contribuídosignificativamente para reduzir a mortalidade neonatal nas Unidades de Terapia IntensivaNeonatais. Essa prática intravenosa segura favorece a estabilização hemodinâmica do recémnascido e possibilita a administração de drogas vesicantes, irritantes e de nutrição parenteral.O objetivo principal deste estudo foi de analisar o efeito da padronização das medidas deprevenção de infecção durante a inserção e o manuseio do cateter venoso central deinserção periférica pelo time de cateteres na incidência da Infecção da Catheter-RelatedBloodstream infection (CRBSI) em recém-nascidos na Unidade de Terapia IntensivaNeonatal. Metodologia: Esta tese está dividida em três estudos. 1) Protocolo de revisãosistemática, em que se aborda a prevalência de complicações associadas ao uso de PICCs emrecém-nascidos (RNs); 2) Coorte prospectiva, em que se avaliaram os fatores de risco para odesenvolvimento de infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter (CRBIS) emrecém-nascidos; 3) Coorte com análise retro e prospectiva, que analisou os efeitos dapadronização das medidas de prevenção de infecção adotadas pelo time de PICC sob onúmero de casos de CRBSI em neonatos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal.Resultados: No artigo 1, observou-se a prevalência de complicações decorrentes do manejoinadequado do PICC nos RNs, informação considerada importante para o aprimoramento daprática clínica. No artigo 2, verificou-se que a maioria da amostra foi composta de prematuros,com peso inadequado, distúrbios respiratórios e cardiopatia, mas não houve associação dessasvariáveis com a CRBSI. Neonatos com PICC nos membros superiores apresentaram maiorrisco de CRBSI (RR=2,84; IC95% 1,02-6,85). No artigo 3, analisaram-se 365 recémnascidos que usaram o PICC e que foram submetidos a 563 procedimentos de inserção decateteres, dos quais 69 apresentaram CRBSI, o que confere uma incidência de CRBSI de12,3%. Na análise das características relacionadas ao procedimento de inserção do PICC nosneonatos em função da notificação de CRBSI, as variáveis significativamente associadas àocorrência de CRBSI foram o vaso acessado (p=0,002) e a posição do cateter(p=0,005). Naanálise estatística das variáveis relacionadas à terapêutica infusional, observou-sesignificância estatística na associação entre a ocorrência da CRBSI e o uso de dois ATBdurante o primeiro esquema de antibioticoterapia, o qual apresentou o valor de p<0,05. 7Efeito da padronização das medidas de prevenção de infecção da corrente sanguíneaTambém se constatou que foram descritos oito grupos de patógenos envolvidos nos 69 casosde CRBSI - os mais comuns foram relacionados à CRBSI em recém-nascidos com PICC,como as Enterobactérias (5,2%), Staphylococcus coagulase negativa(3,4%) eStaphylococcus coagulase positiva (2,0%). Conclusão: O estudo indicou que os times decateteres são importantes nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, sobretudo quandoadotam condutas baseadas em evidências científicas que fundamentam a sistematização doprocesso de trabalho para o devido monitoramento dos fatores de risco relacionados àincidência de CRBSI em RN, a vigilância durante realização do procedimento e a terapêuticainfusional. Contudo, o efeito da padronização das medidas de prevenção adotadas pelotime de cateteres na UTIN tem impactado a redução do desenvolvimento de infecção dacorrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter (AU).

Introduction: The use of peripherally inserted central catheter in neonatology hassignificantly contributed to the reduction of neonatal mortality in neonatal intensive care units.It is safe intravenous practice favors the hemodynamic stabilization of the newborn, allowsthe administration of vesicant drugs, irritants and parenteral nutrition. Therefore, this studyhas as main objective to analyze the effect of the standardization of infection preventionmeasures during the insertion and handling of the peripherally inserted central venouscatheter by the catheter team on the incidence of CRBSI in newborns in the NeonatalIntensive Care Unit. Methodology: The thesis is divided into three studies. 1) Systematicreview protocol, which addresses the prevalence of complications associated with the use ofPICCs in newborns (NBs); 2) prospective cohort that evaluated risk factors for thedevelopment of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBIS) in newborns; 3) cohort withretro and prospective analysis, which analyzed the effect of the standardization of infectionprevention measures adopted by the PICC team on the number of CRBSI cases in neonates inthe Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Results: in article 1 it was observed the prevalence ofcomplications resulting from inadequate management of the PICC in NBs, informationconsidered important for the improvement of clinical practice. In article 2, it was found thatthe majority of the sample was composed of premature infants, with inadequate weight,respiratory disorders and heart disease, but there was no association of these variables withthe CRBSI. Neonates with PICC in the upper limbs had a higher risk of CRBSI(RR=2.84;95%CI 1.02-6.85). At article 3 analyzed 365 newborns who used the PICC, who underwent563 catheter insertion procedures, of which 69 had CRBSI, giving an incidence of CRBSI of12.3%. In the analysis of the characteristics related to the PICC insertion procedure inneonates due to the CRBSI notification, the variables significantly associated with theoccurrence of CRBSI were the vessel accessed (p=0.002) and catheter position(p=0.005). Inthe statistical analysis of the variables related to infusion therapy, a statistical significance wasobserved in the association between the occurrence of CRBSI and the use of two ATBduring the first antibiotic therapy regimen, which presented a value of p<0.05. There wasalso a description of 8 groups of pathogens involved in the 69 cases of CRBSI, the most 9Efeito da padronização das medidas de prevenção de infecção da corrente sanguíneacommon pathogens related to CRBSI in newborns with PICC being Enterobacteriaceae(5.2%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (3.4%) and Coagulase positive Staphylococcus(2.0%). Conclusion: it was observed In the statistical analysis of the variables related toinfusion therapy, especially when they adopt procedures based on scientific evidence, whichunderlie thesystematization of the work process for the proper monitoring of risk factorsrelated to the incidence of CRBSI in newborns, surveillance during the procedure, andinfusion therapy. However, it is observed that effect of standardization of preventionmeasures adopted by the catheter team in the UTIN have had an impact on thereduction of development of cateter related bloodstream infection (AU).

Effect of heating skin disinfectant for premature infants during peripheral central venous catheterization / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the effect of heating skin disinfectant during peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in preterm infants.Methods:Premature infants were retrospectively analyzed who received PICC catheterization during hospitalization in the Department of Neonatology of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from April 2020 to March 2021. They were divided into the control and heating groups according to different disinfection methods in two different periods. The skin of premature infants in the heating group was disinfected with disinfectant at 37℃, and the control group was disinfected with room temperature disinfectant. The rate of successful primary catheterization, operation duration, and catheter-associated infection were compared between the two groups.Results:The rate of successful primary catheterization in the heating group was higher than that of the control group [80.2% (65/81) vs. 66.7% (56/84)], and the operation time was shorter than that of the control group [(45.0±9.0) min vs. (48.4±11.9) min] ( P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in catheter keeping time, unplanned extubation rate, the rate of positive catheter tip cultures, and the blood cultures. Conclusions:During PICC puncture in premature infants, heating skin disinfectant can increase the success rate of one-time PICC catheterization, reduce the operation duration, and not increase the risk of catheter-associated infection.

Prevention from PICC-related venous thrombosis in the upper limbs of malignant tumor patients with moxibustion combined with plucking at Jiquan (HT 1): a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect of moxibustion combined with plucking technique at Jiquan (HT 1) for preventing peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)-related venous thrombosis in the upper limbs of malignant tumor patients.@*METHODS@#A total of 80 malignant tumor patients undergoing PICC were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 40 cases in each one. In the control group, the routine care for PICC was exerted. In the observation group, besides the routine care, moxibustion combined with plucking technique at Jiquan (HT 1) was added. Mild moxibustion was exerted along the venous distribution of PICC (avoiding the entry site) for 10 to 15 min, and then, the circling moxibustion was applied to Quchi (LI 11), Xuehai (SP 10) and Tianfu (LU 3), 3 to 5 min at each acupoint. Finally, plucking technique was given at Jiquan (HT 1) for 5 to 10 min. This combined therapy was intervened since the 2nd day of PICC placement, once daily, 5 times a week, for 3 weeks totally. The incidence of the PICC-related venous thrombosis in the upper limbs was compared between the two groups on day 42 of placement. On day 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of PICC placement, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the end-diastolic velocity (EDV) of the subclavicular vein on the placement side were observed separately in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The incidence of the PICC-related venous thrombosis in the upper limbs in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (2.5% [1/40] vs 17.5% [7/40], P<0.05). From day 7 to 35 of PICC placement, PSV of the subclavicular vein on the placement side was higher than that on the day 2 of PICC placement in the observation group (P<0.05). On day 28 and 42 of PICC placement, PSV of the subclavicular vein on the placement side was lower than that on the day 2 of PICC placement in the control group (P<0.05). In the observation group, EDV of the subclavicular vein on the placement side was higher than that on the day 2 of PICC placement from day 7 to 28 of PICC placement (P<0.05). In the control group, EDV of the subclavicular vein on the placement side from day 28 to 42 of PICC placement was lower than that on the day 2 of PICC placement (P<0.05). From day 7 to 42 of PICC placement, PSV and EDV of the subclavicular vein on the placement side in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The combined treatment of moxibustion with plucking technique at Jiquan (HT 1) can effectively prevent PICC-related venous thrombosis in the upper limbs and improve venous blood flow velocity in malignant tumor patients.

Impact of low-dose heparin on duration of peripherally inserted central catheter at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES@#To determine efficacy of continuous heparin infusion vs placebo on maintenance of peripherally inserted central catheter line among neonates admitted at the NICU.@*METHODS@#This is a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reported in accordance with PRISMA checklist. Cochrane Risk-of-bias tool was used in assessment of reporting biases. Pooled risk ratios were estimated using random- or fixed-effects model.@*RESULTS@#Of 4519 studies identified, 4 studies were included, and all have low risk of bias. Meta-analysis showed that continuous heparin infusion on PICCs had significantly higher duration of catheter patency compared to the placebo group (MD=2.22, 95%CI=1.03-3.14, pvalue<0.00001). Heparin group also had decreased risk of occlusion (RR=0.47, 95%CI=0.94, pvalues=0.03) compared to control. The risk for other adverse events such as thrombosis, infection, IVH progression, and mortality was comparable between the two groups. @*CONCLUSION@#Continuous heparin infusion in PICC fluids can prolong duration of catheter patency by 2.2 days and reduce risk of catheter-related occlusion by 50%, without having significant effect on incidence of other adverse events.@*RECOMMENDATIONS@#Continuous heparin infusion on PICC fluids should be part of maintenance and care policy at the NICU, but precautions should be followed to prevent adverse outcomes. Systematic review of intermittent heparin flushing can be a window of opportunity.

Analysis on the application and effect of time-sharing appointment in the peripherally inserted central catheter maintenance clinic / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of time-sharing appointment in the peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC) maintenance clinic.Methods:Patients with medical appointments within two months before and after the application of time-sharing appointment practice in the PICC maintenance clinic were selected. Patients with appointment before application were control group and took paper appointment sheet manually while those after application were study group and took time-sharing appointment. Waiting time, average number of patients waiting per pre-specified time period, patient satisfaction and nurse satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results:The median waiting time of the study group was 15 min, significantly shorter than that of the control group of 46 min ( P<0.01). The numbers of patients waiting in the waiting area for the study group remained relatively stable across each time period, showing low people density. In the contrast, numbers of patients waiting varied significantly for the control group and the peak of patient flow occurred in periods of 8∶00—10∶00 and 13∶30—14∶30. Patient satisfaction and nurse satisfaction of the study group were both significantly higher than those of the control group (4.99±0.05 vs. 2.15±0.17, P=0.009; 4.67±1.92 vs. 1.90±0.37, P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion:The application of time-sharing appointment in PICC maintenance clinics effectively reduces the waiting time for patients, achieves reasonable patient triage, improves the clinic environment, improves nurse and patient satisfaction, and improves the level of hospital management.

The effects of handgrip exercise in reducing peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis: a Meta-analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the effects on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis by hand grip exercise.@*Methods@#A detailed search was performed to identify literature about the impact of handgrip exercise on peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis, using the Cochrane Library and the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, CNKI, WanFang and CBM. The meta-analysis or descriptive review were performed after two authors in-dependently searching databases,extracting data and assessing quality of included studies.@*Results@#Seven RCTs were included in a total of 789 patients. Meta-analysis showed the effectiveness of handgrip exercise on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis (RR=0.27, 95% CI 0.17-0.42, P<0.01); and improving vein maximum velocity (WMD=6.53, 95%CI 3.34-9.73, P<0.01) and time-mean flow velocity (WMD=6.05, 95%CI 3.24-8.87, P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Handgrip exercise can improve axillary vein blood flow parameters and reduce peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis. Due to a small number of included studies and heterogeneity of indicators, multi-centered, high-quality RCTs with large sample size are needed in the future to assess the effect of handgrip exercise in PICC patients.

Effect of ball compression to prevent jugular vein malposition in peripherally inserted central catheter insertion / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To detect the effect of the ball compressor method to prevent jugular vein malposition in peripherally inserted central catheter insertion (PICC).@*Methods@#Convenient sampling method was used to recruit 1 358 patients with PICC insertions during October 2017 to September 2018 in Second affiliated hospital Zhejiang University, school of medicine. 681 were included in experimental group, and 677 patients were included in control group. The control group used traditional turning head to the PICC insertion side or fingers compression to block the entrance of jugular vein to prevent jugular vein malposition in control group. While in experimental group, rugby- shape ball compression were used to block jugular vein to reduce jugular vein malposition. The rate of jugular vein malposition in the first try of catheterization was calculated in both groups.@*Results@#The rate of jugular vein malposition in the first try of catheterization was 19.1%(130/681) in experimental group and 23.5% (159/677) in control group respectively. There is statistically significant difference between two groups (χ2=3.917, P=0.047 8).@*Conclusion@#Rugby- shape ball compression could reduce jugular vein malposition in the first try of catheterization effectively.

Application of ultrasound monitoring for evaluation of neonatal peripherally inserted central catheter tip localization in newborns / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective@#To investigate the value of ultrasound in the localization of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in neonates.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis of the PICC catheterization was conducted at Department of Neonatology, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital from June 2017 to December 2018.The ultrasound monitoring was performed immediately after PICC catheterization.The probe was placed into the midline position of the lower xiphoid or the subclavian parasternal line for scanning, and it would be the PICC if a high-echo " equal sign" was observed by ultrasound.It was believed that the PICC was successfully placed when ultrasound detected that the PICC tip was located in the junction of inferior vena cava or superior vena cava in the right atrium.@*Results@#(1)Among 112 infants with PICC catheterization, 103 cases (92.0%) were accurately placed, 9 cases (8.0%) were not placed in the ideal site, among them, 2 cases were too deep, 4 cases were too shallow and 3 cases were catheter heterotopia.The tip position was accurate after the readjustment under ultrasound monitoring in those patients whose the first ultrasound showed the tip position was not ideal.(2)The PICC indwelling time was as short as 2 days (removed due to severe arrhythmia) and as long as 56 days with an average of (15.1±10.7) days.(3)The catheter-related complications occurred in 3 cases with an incidence of 2.7%.@*Conclusions@#Using ultrasound to determine the PICC tips position is accurate and reliable, which is worthy of extensive application in the neonatal wards.

Study on risk factors of catheter-related venous thrombosis and prevention effect of low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with hematological malignancies / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective@#To investigate the incidence and risk factors of catheter-related venous thrombosis (PICC-DVT) after peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in patients with hematologic malignancies, and to analyze the safety of anti-coagulation therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin.@*Methods@#From August 2016 to June 2018, 43 patients with hematologic malignancies received PICC in Baoan District People's Hospital of Shenzhen City were enrolled. The patients were divided into low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation group (22 cases) and blank control group (21 cases) according to the random number table method. The blood routine, coagulation quadruple, D-dimer, protein C activity, protein S activity, and antithrombin Ⅲ activity before and after catheterization were compared between the two groups.@*Results@#Of the 43 patients, 5 cases (11.62%) occurred PICC-DVT within 1 month after PICC, including 2 cases (9.09%) in the low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation group, and 3 cases (14.29%) in the blank control group, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.664). No pulmonary embolism occurred in all patients with PICC-DVT. One case in the blank control group developed PICC-DVT and catheter-associated staphylococcus aureus infection, the patient was extubated after anti-infection and thrombolytic therapy, the other patients with PICC-DVT were not extubated, and the thrombus was dissolved after anticoagulant therapy. There were no significant differences in the white blood cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, protein C activity, protein S activity, and antithrombin Ⅲ activity between the low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation group and blank control group (all P > 0.05). The anticoagulant index (protein C, protein S or antithrombin Ⅲ activity) was decreased in 5 patients with PICC-DVT, and in 38 non-thrombotic patients, the anticoagulant index was reduced in 16 patients (42.11%), the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.021).@*Conclusions@#The incidence of protein C, protein S or antithrombin Ⅲ activity reduction in hematological malignancies patients with PICC-DVT is higher than that in non-thrombotic patients. Low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulant therapy can not reduce the occurrence of PICC-DVT within 1 month after PICC in patients with hematological malignancies, but the treatment is safe and has no relevant bleeding event.

Study on risk factors of catheter-related venous thrombosis and prevention effect of low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with hematological malignancies / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of catheter-related venous thrombosis (PICC-DVT) after peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in patients with hematologic malignancies, and to analyze the safety of anti-coagulation therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin. Methods From August 2016 to June 2018, 43 patients with hematologic malignancies received PICC in Baoan District People ' s Hospital of Shenzhen City were enrolled. The patients were divided into low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation group (22 cases) and blank control group (21 cases) according to the random number table method. The blood routine, coagulation quadruple, D-dimer, protein C activity, protein S activity, and antithrombin Ⅲactivity before and after catheterization were compared between the two groups. Results Of the 43 patients, 5 cases (11.62％) occurred PICC-DVT within 1 month after PICC, including 2 cases (9.09％) in the low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation group, and 3 cases (14.29％) in the blank control group, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.664). No pulmonary embolism occurred in all patients with PICC-DVT. One case in the blank control group developed PICC-DVT and catheter-associated staphylococcus aureus infection, the patient was extubated after anti-infection and thrombolytic therapy, the other patients with PICC-DVT were not extubated, and the thrombus was dissolved after anticoagulant therapy. There were no significant differences in the white blood cell count, platelet count,prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, protein C activity, protein S activity, and antithrombin Ⅲ activity between the low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation group and blank control group (all P> 0.05). The anticoagulant index (protein C, protein S or antithrombin Ⅲ activity) was decreased in 5 patients with PICC-DVT, and in 38 non-thrombotic patients, the anticoagulant index was reduced in 16 patients (42.11％), the difference was statistically significant (P= 0.021). Conclusions The incidence of protein C, protein S or antithrombin Ⅲ activity reduction in hematological malignancies patients with PICC-DVT is higher than that in non-thrombotic patients. Low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulant therapy can not reduce the occurrence of PICC-DVT within 1 month after PICC in patients with hematological malignancies, but the treatment is safe and has no relevant bleeding event.

Effect of ball compression to prevent jugular vein malposition in peripherally inserted central catheter insertion / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To detect the effect of the ball compressor method to prevent jugular vein malposition in peripherally inserted central catheter insertion (PICC). Methods Convenient sampling method was used to recruit 1 358 patients with PICC insertions during October 2017 to September 2018 in Second affiliated hospital Zhejiang University, school of medicine. 681 were included in experimental group, and 677 patients were included in control group. The control group used traditional turning head to the PICC insertion side or fingers compression to block the entrance of jugular vein to prevent jugular vein malposition in control group. While in experimental group, rugby- shape ball compression were used to block jugular vein to reduce jugular vein malposition. The rate of jugular vein malposition in the first try of catheterization was calculated in both groups. Results The rate of jugular vein malposition in the first try of catheterization was 19.1% (130/681) in experimental group and 23.5% (159/677) in control group respectively. There is statistically significant difference between two groups (χ2=3.917, P=0.047 8). Conclusion Rugby- shape ball compression could reduce jugular vein malposition in the first try of catheterization effectively.

Clinical Characteristics of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter in Critically Ill Patients

PURPOSE: Ensuring the stability of central venous catheter placement for treating patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit is very important. Although PICC requires an ultrasound and fluoroscopy machine, it is difficult to use a fluoroscopy machine for PICC insertion in the intensive care unit. This study analyzed the cases of the insertion of a PICC under ultrasonic guidance at the bedsides in the intensive care unit to determine the usefulness of PICC in the intensive care unit. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients hospitalized in the surgical intensive care unit and received PICC using ultrasonography at their bedsides from October 2015 to January 2018. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty patients were collected. The number of successful PICCs stood at 105 patients, which was equal to 87.5%. Among them, 65 and 55 cases had left and right insertion, respectively; the corresponding success rate was 81.8%, and 92.3%. No statistically significant difference in success rates was observed between the left and right, as well as in the success rates depending on the presence of shock, sepsis, acute kidney injury, and mechanical ventilation. In the failed 15 cases, seven cases were due to the course of the procedure and eight cases were confirmed have been malpositioned after insertion. CONCLUSION: PICC at the bedside in an intensive care unit is a safe method for central venous catheterization without severe complications and death. The insertion sites, left or right, are equally acceptable. Further study of the cases of malposition will be necessary.

The effects of handgrip exercise in reducing peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis:a Meta-analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effects on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis by hand grip exercise. Methods A detailed search was performed to identify literature about the impact of handgrip exercise on peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis, using the Cochrane Library and the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, CNKI, WanFang and CBM. The meta-analysis or descriptive review were performed after two authors in-dependently searching databases,extracting data and assessing quality of included studies. Results Seven RCTs were included in a total of 789 patients. Meta-analysis showed the effectiveness of handgrip exercise on reduction of peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis ( RR=0.27, 95% CI 0.17-0.42, P＜0.01); and improving vein maximum velocity ( WMD=6.53, 95% CI 3.34-9.73, P＜0.01) and time-mean flow velocity ( WMD=6.05, 95% CI 3.24-8.87, P＜0.01). Conclusions Handgrip exercise can improve axillary vein blood flow parameters and reduce peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis. Due to a small number of included studies and heterogeneity of indicators,multi-centered,high-quality RCTs with large sample size are needed in the future to assess the effect of handgrip exercise in PICC patients.

The clinical analysis of pleural effusion associated with peripherally inserted central catheters in two neonates / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of pleural effusion associated with peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in neonates. Method The clinical data of pleural effusion caused by PICCs in two neonates were retrospectively analyzed. Results Both 2 cases were preterm female infants. Case 1 was delivered at 26+5 weeks, with a birth weight of 800 g. Dyspnea aggravated 8 hours after the PICC placement. Bedside chest radiograph indicated a large amount of pleural effusion on the right side. PICC was removed, puncture and drainage were performed, and pleural effusion was cured after 6 days of closed thoracic drainage. Case 2 was delivered at 29+3 weeks with a birth weight of 1240 g. Three days after placement of PICC, dyspnea became worse. Bedside chest radiograph showed bilateral pleural effusion, which was cured after PICC removal, puncture and drainage. According to the routine and biochemical indexes of pleural effusion, combined with the medical history, case 1 was consistent with the diagnosis of chylothorax and case 2 was considered as fluid exudation. Conclusion Neonatal PICC-associated pleural effusion is rare, but the etiology is varied and progress is rapid. Vigilance and active treatment is needed in clinic.